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Design a disk-backed key-value store under heavy contention

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SnowflakeSystem designLast asked Mar 2026

Design a key-value store that keeps its data on disk and serves many concurrent readers and writers, some of them hammering the same keys.

Cover the on-disk layout, the write path and durability, locking or other concurrency control, how hot keys are handled, caching, crash recovery, and how you would measure and remove contention.

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